What are the types of 10kV switchgear?

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The main types of 10kV switchgear are as follows:

1. **Central-mounted switchgear**
- **Structural features**: It has a handcart structure with the circuit breaker installed in the middle of the switchgear. The handcart can be easily pulled out and pushed into the switchgear, facilitating inspection and maintenance. The cabinet of this kind of switchgear usually adopts a metal-enclosed armored structure with a relatively high protection level. For example, the enclosure protection level of the KYN28 - 12 type switchgear can reach IP4X, which can effectively prevent foreign objects and small animals from entering the interior of the switchgear and causing faults.
- **Application scenarios**: It is widely used in substations of urban communities, distribution rooms of industrial enterprises and other places. Because of its handcart structure, it is very convenient to repair and replace equipment such as circuit breakers, and it will not overly affect the normal operation of other equipment. It is suitable for occasions with high requirements for power supply reliability.

2. **Ring main unit switchgear**
- **Structural features**: The ring main unit switchgear generally adopts a combined electrical appliance of load switch and fuse. It has a compact structure and a relatively small volume. This kind of switchgear is mainly used in ring network power supply systems and can realize the distribution and control of electric power. For example, in the HXGN - 12 type ring main unit switchgear, the load switch inside it can open and close the load current under normal conditions, while the fuse is used for short-circuit protection. The cooperation of the two can effectively protect the ring network power supply lines.
- **Application scenarios**: It is often used in the ring network power supply of urban power grids, especially in places where ring network power supply networks need to be constructed, such as residential communities and commercial blocks. It can flexibly connect or disconnect branch lines. When a certain section of the line fails, it can quickly isolate the faulty section and ensure the power supply in other areas.

3. **Fixed switchgear**
- **Structural features**: The main electrical components such as circuit breakers are fixedly installed inside the switchgear. Its structure is relatively simple and the cost is relatively low. However, due to the fixed installation of the equipment, maintenance may be relatively troublesome. For example, in the GG - 1A (F) type switchgear, the internal space of its cabinet is relatively large, which is convenient for installing and arranging various electrical components. However, when maintaining equipment such as circuit breakers, it may be necessary to remove some other components before operation.
- **Application scenarios**: It is applied in some small substations or distribution rooms with low requirements for equipment operation flexibility and limited budgets. For example, some small rural substations or simple distribution rooms of small factories.

4. **Box-type switchgear (outdoor type)**
- **Structural features**: This kind of switchgear has a fully enclosed box structure and usually has good outdoor protection performance and can adapt to different outdoor environmental conditions. It generally integrates high-voltage electrical equipment, measuring instruments, protection devices and so on into one box. For example, in the DFW - 10 type outdoor box-type switchgear, its enclosure is made of corrosion-resistant materials, which can prevent rain, sunlight and dust. The internal equipment is reasonably arranged, facilitating on-site installation and wiring.
- **Application scenarios**: It is mainly applied to outdoor places, such as the power supply control of street lamps on urban streets, outdoor distribution points in industrial parks and so on. It can be directly placed in the outdoor environment, reducing the cost of building special distribution rooms.

The ring main unit is a set of electrical equipment for power transmission and distribution (high-voltage switchgear), which is installed in a metal or non-metal insulated cabinet or made into an assembled and compartmentalized ring network power supply unit. Its core part adopts load switches and fuses. The following is a detailed introduction:

### Structural Composition
- **Switchgear Compartment**: It consists of various functional circuits sealed in a metal enclosure, including earthing switches, load switches, and the busbars between their circuits. Each functional circuit includes a load switch and an earthing switch. The load switch is composed of a moving contact system that moves vertically and a stationary contact located at the lower end, while the earthing switch is composed of a moving contact blade and a stationary contact blade.
- **Fuse Compartment**: The fuse and the load switch compartment form a transformer protection circuit. The high-voltage current-limiting fuse is installed in an epoxy resin-cast insulated enclosure. When the fuse blows, a plunger pops out and the load switch trips.
- **Operating Mechanism Compartment**: It is located on the front of the ring main unit. In each functional circuit, the load switch is equipped with a manual (or electric) energy-storing spring operating mechanism, and the earthing switch is equipped with a manual energy-storing spring operating mechanism. On the panel, there are buttons for closing the load switch, manual opening rotation buttons, and operation holes for closing and opening the earthing switch.
- **Cable Compartment**: It is used to connect incoming and outgoing cables and is usually located at the bottom or side of the ring main unit. Inside, there are components such as cable terminals and earthing busbars, which provide space for cable connection and ensure good insulation and earthing of the cables.

### Working Principle
A ring network refers to a ring-shaped distribution network. The power supply main line forms a closed ring, and the power supply source supplies power to this ring-shaped main line. Then, power is distributed outward through high-voltage switches one by one from the main line. Each distribution branch can obtain power from the main line on its left side or from the main line on its right side. When the main line on the left side fails, power can continue to be obtained from the main line on the right side, and vice versa, thus improving the reliability of power supply. The load switch in the ring main unit is used to open and close the load current, and the fuse cuts off the circuit in case of short circuit or overload to play a protective role.

### Characteristics
- **High Reliability**: Advanced technologies and designs are adopted to ensure that the equipment can operate stably for a long time. It is equipped with high-performance power load control devices and monitoring devices inside, which can monitor and control the operating status of the power load in real time. It also adopts a variety of fault detection and diagnosis technologies to be able to detect and handle internal fault problems of the equipment in a timely manner.
- **Good Safety**: It is equipped with various protection devices inside, such as overload protection, short circuit protection, leakage protection, etc. These devices can cut off the power supply in time when the equipment fails to avoid accidents. It also adopts a variety of safety technologies such as fire prevention, explosion prevention, and lightning protection to ensure that the equipment can operate safely in various harsh environments.
- **High Flexibility**: It adopts a modular design and can be flexibly configured and expanded according to actual needs. Various different types of power load control devices and monitoring devices can be configured inside to meet the needs of different users. It can also be integrated and expanded with a variety of other systems, such as the dispatching automation system and the substation automation system, to achieve more comprehensive power load control and management functions.
- **Small Size and Simple Structure**: Compared with other high-voltage switchgear cabinets, the ring main unit has a relatively simple structure, a smaller volume, and occupies less floor area, which can save installation space and is suitable for places with limited space, such as urban residential communities, high-rise buildings, and box-type substations.
- **Convenient Maintenance**: It adopts a modular design inside, which is convenient for users to replace and maintain. At the same time, it is equipped with remote monitoring and diagnosis functions, which is convenient for users to remotely monitor and diagnose the operating status of the equipment, reducing the maintenance cost and difficulty.

### Classification
- **Classification by Insulation Medium**: It can be divided into air-insulated ring main units, solid-insulated ring main units, and SF6-insulated ring main units. The air-insulated ring main unit has a lower cost but a larger volume; the solid-insulated ring main unit has good insulation performance and a small volume, but requires high manufacturing processes; the SF6-insulated ring main unit has strong arc extinguishing performance and good insulation performance, but SF6 gas has a certain impact on the environment.
- **Classification by Switch Type**: It can be divided into load switch ring main units and circuit breaker ring main units. The load switch ring main unit is suitable for occasions with small load currents and not large short-circuit currents; the circuit breaker ring main unit is suitable for occasions with large short-circuit currents and high protection requirements.

### Application Scenarios
- **Urban Residential Communities**: It provides reliable power supply for residents in the community to ensure the stability and safety of residents' domestic electricity consumption. It can be installed in the distribution room or box-type substation of the community.
- **High-Rise Buildings**: It meets the electricity demand of various electrical equipment in high-rise buildings, such as elevators, air conditioners, lighting, etc. It is usually installed in the basement of the building or in a dedicated distribution room.
- **Factories and Enterprises**: It provides a stable power source for the production equipment in the factory to ensure the smooth progress of the production process. It can be configured and installed according to the electricity load and production process requirements of the enterprise.
- **Large Public Buildings**: In places such as shopping malls, hospitals, schools, airports, railway stations, etc., the ring main unit can ensure the uninterrupted power supply of these places, meet the electricity demand of a large number of people and the operation requirements of various important equipment.

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